Monte Albán es un sitio arqueológico localizado a 10 km de la ciudad de Oaxaca de Juárez, capital del estado mexicano del mismo nombre. Monte Albán fue por mucho tiempo la sede del poder dominante en la región de los Valles Centrales de Oaxaca, desde el declive de San José Mogote hasta el ocaso de la ciudad, ocurrido alrededor del siglo IX. El nombre antiguo de esta ciudad fundada por los zapotecos a finales del Preclásico Tardío es objeto de discusiones. De acuerdo con algunas fuentes, el nombre original fue Dani Baá. Se sabe, en cambio, que los mixtecos conocieron la ciudad como Yucucúi (idioma mixteco: Yúcu-cúi, 'Cerro Verde' )?.Como la gran mayoría de las grandes metrópolis mesoamericanas, Monte Albán fue una ciudad con una población pluriétnica. A lo largo de su historia, la ciudad mantuvo vínculos muy fuertes con otros pueblos de gran importancia en Mesoamérica, en especial con los teotihuacanos durante el Clásico Temprano. La ciudad fue abandonada por la élite y buena parte de su población al final de la Fase Xoo. Sin embargo, el recinto ceremonial que constituye el conjunto de la Zona Arqueológica de Monte Albán fue reutilizado por los mixtecos durante el Período Posclásico. Para esta época, el poder político del pueblo zapoteco se encontraba dividido entre varias ciudades-Estado, como Zaachila, Yagul, Lambityeco y Tehuantepec.
Aunque es probable que su existencia fuera conocida durante la época colonial, Monte Albán no es mencionada en las crónicas de la conquista o en los siglos posteriores, hasta principios del siglo XIX. Durante la primera mitad del siglo XX, el mexicano Alfonso Caso llevó a cabo una serie de excavaciones que lo llevaron a encontrar la Tumba 7, donde reposaba el mayor depósito de obras de orfebrería mesoamericana de oro que se haya descubierto hasta la fecha.
El conjunto de monumentos prehispánicos junto con el centro histórico de la ciudad de Oaxaca de Juárez, fueron inscritos en 1987 en el registro del programa Patrimonio de la Humanidad de la Unesco.
Monte Albán is a large pre-Columbian archaeological site in the southern Mexican state of Oaxaca. The site is located on a low mountainous range rising above the plain in the central section of the Valley of Oaxaca where the latter's northern Etla, eastern Tlacolula, and southern Zimatlán/Ocotlán (or Valle Grande) branches meet. The present-day state capital Oaxaca City is located approximately 9 km (5.8 mi) east of Monte Albán.
The civic-ceremonial center of the Monte Albán site is situated atop an artificially-levelled ridge, which with an elevation of about 1940 m (6368 ft) above mean sea level rises some 400 m (1312 ft) from the valley floor. In addition to the aforementioned monumental core, the site is characterized by several hundred artificial terraces and a dozen clusters of mounded architecture covering the entire ridgeline and surrounding flanks (Blanton 1978). The archaeological ruins on the nearby Atzompa and El Gallo hills to the north are traditionally considered to be an integral part of the ancient city as well.
Besides being one of the earliest cities of Mesoamerica, Monte Albán's importance stems also from its role as the pre-eminent Zapotec socio-political and economic center for close to a thousand years. Founded toward the end of the Middle Formative period at around 500 BC, by the Terminal Formative (ca.100 BC-AD 200) Monte Albán had become the capital of a large-scale expansionist polity that dominated much of the Oaxacan highlands and interacted with other Mesoamerican regional states such as Teotihuacan to the north (Paddock 1983; Marcus 1983). The city had lost its political pre-eminence by the end of the Late Classic (ca. AD 500-750) and soon thereafter was largely abandoned. Small-scale reoccupation, opportunistic reutilization of earlier structures and tombs, and ritual visitations marked the archaeological history of the site into the Colonial period.
The etymology of the site's present-day name is unclear, and tentative suggestions regarding its origin range from a presumed corruption of a native Zapotec name such as “Danibaan” (Sacred Hill) to a colonial-era reference to a Spanish soldier by the name Montalbán or to the Alban Hills of Italy. The ancient Zapotec name of the city is not known, as abandonment occurred centuries before the writing of the earliest available ethnohistorical sources.
The civic-ceremonial center of the Monte Albán site is situated atop an artificially-levelled ridge, which with an elevation of about 1940 m (6368 ft) above mean sea level rises some 400 m (1312 ft) from the valley floor. In addition to the aforementioned monumental core, the site is characterized by several hundred artificial terraces and a dozen clusters of mounded architecture covering the entire ridgeline and surrounding flanks (Blanton 1978). The archaeological ruins on the nearby Atzompa and El Gallo hills to the north are traditionally considered to be an integral part of the ancient city as well.
Besides being one of the earliest cities of Mesoamerica, Monte Albán's importance stems also from its role as the pre-eminent Zapotec socio-political and economic center for close to a thousand years. Founded toward the end of the Middle Formative period at around 500 BC, by the Terminal Formative (ca.100 BC-AD 200) Monte Albán had become the capital of a large-scale expansionist polity that dominated much of the Oaxacan highlands and interacted with other Mesoamerican regional states such as Teotihuacan to the north (Paddock 1983; Marcus 1983). The city had lost its political pre-eminence by the end of the Late Classic (ca. AD 500-750) and soon thereafter was largely abandoned. Small-scale reoccupation, opportunistic reutilization of earlier structures and tombs, and ritual visitations marked the archaeological history of the site into the Colonial period.
The etymology of the site's present-day name is unclear, and tentative suggestions regarding its origin range from a presumed corruption of a native Zapotec name such as “Danibaan” (Sacred Hill) to a colonial-era reference to a Spanish soldier by the name Montalbán or to the Alban Hills of Italy. The ancient Zapotec name of the city is not known, as abandonment occurred centuries before the writing of the earliest available ethnohistorical sources.
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